Degrowth
Degrowth is the planned and democratic reduction of production and consumption to bring economic activity within ecological limits. In fashion, it refers to reducing overall material throughput, product volume, and waste while reorganising value creation around durability, care, sufficiency, and social wellbeing.
The intellectual roots of degrowth sit in 1970s ecological economics and limits-to-growth thinking, but the contemporary term emerged more clearly through the French décroissance movement and later academic work arguing that endless GDP growth is incompatible with planetary boundaries. Degrowth developed as a critique of the assumption that efficiency and technological innovation alone can make high-consumption economies sustainable.
In fashion, the underlying problem long predates the term. Over recent decades, clothing production expanded rapidly while garment use duration fell. The sector’s economic model became increasingly dependent on speed, low prices, high SKU counts, synthetic fibre growth, and globalised sourcing. Ellen MacArthur Foundation notes that clothing production approximately doubled over 15 years while clothing utilisation declined by almost 40%, making overproduction and underuse structural rather than accidental features of the system.
Degrowth entered fashion discourse more visibly in the late 2010s and early 2020s as climate targets sharpened and researchers began asking whether decarbonisation could succeed while volumes kept rising. Industry discussion shifted from “better materials” and “circularity” alone toward the harder question of absolute production. Fashion Revolution and others pushed annual production volume disclosure into the transparency conversation, arguing that impact intensity improvements can be overwhelmed by continued growth in output.
By the mid-2020s, degrowth became more present in conferences, policy-adjacent debates, and systems critiques of fashion. The issue was no longer only whether a brand used lower-impact fibres or resale, but whether the sector could remain within ecological limits while total fibre production kept setting records. Textile Exchange reported global fibre production at about 132 million tonnes in 2024, more than double 2000 levels, with business-as-usual projections rising further by 2030. That trend gave degrowth renewed relevance as an argument about absolute scale, not just efficiency.
In 2025, Stockholm Resilience Centre reported that seven of nine planetary boundaries had been exceeded, including ocean acidification for the first time. That widened the frame around fashion degrowth beyond climate alone: the issue became total pressure across land, water, chemistry, biodiversity, and materials extraction. Degrowth therefore moved from a fringe critique toward a systems-level lens for questioning fashion’s dependence on permanent expansion.
Culturally, degrowth is one of the most contested sustainability terms in fashion. To some audiences it signals responsibility, sufficiency, repair, and a rejection of disposable consumption. To others it sounds anti-business, anti-aspiration, or politically radical. That tension matters because fashion is not only an industrial system; it is also a cultural engine built on novelty, status, desire, and accelerated trend cycles.
In media and brand discourse, degrowth is often softened into adjacent language such as “slow fashion,” “fewer, better,” “mindful consumption,” or “quality over quantity.” This makes the concept easier to communicate but can also dilute its meaning. Degrowth is not simply an aesthetic preference for timeless clothing or a personal shopping philosophy; it is a structural challenge to a volume-led business model.
Regional differences also shape reception. In high-income markets, degrowth is often discussed as a response to overconsumption, waste, and fossil-fuel dependence. In manufacturing economies, the term can trigger legitimate concern because lower order volumes may threaten jobs, wages, and foreign exchange earnings if transition planning is absent. This is why degrowth in fashion cannot be treated as a purely environmental proposition. It is inseparable from labour justice, trade, development, and industrial policy.
- Clothing production approximately doubled over 15 years while clothing utilisation fell by almost 40%.
- The garment industry alone employs more than 90 million people globally, which is why degrowth debates cannot ignore labour transition.
- In 2025, seven of nine planetary boundaries were reported exceeded, giving degrowth arguments a broader ecological basis than climate alone.
ADVERT BOX
The intellectual roots of degrowth sit in 1970s ecological economics and limits-to-growth thinking, but the contemporary term emerged more clearly through the French décroissance movement and later academic work arguing that endless GDP growth is incompatible with planetary boundaries. Degrowth developed as a critique of the assumption that efficiency and technological innovation alone can make high-consumption economies sustainable.
In fashion, the underlying problem long predates the term. Over recent decades, clothing production expanded rapidly while garment use duration fell. The sector’s economic model became increasingly dependent on speed, low prices, high SKU counts, synthetic fibre growth, and globalised sourcing. Ellen MacArthur Foundation notes that clothing production approximately doubled over 15 years while clothing utilisation declined by almost 40%, making overproduction and underuse structural rather than accidental features of the system.
Degrowth entered fashion discourse more visibly in the late 2010s and early 2020s as climate targets sharpened and researchers began asking whether decarbonisation could succeed while volumes kept rising. Industry discussion shifted from “better materials” and “circularity” alone toward the harder question of absolute production. Fashion Revolution and others pushed annual production volume disclosure into the transparency conversation, arguing that impact intensity improvements can be overwhelmed by continued growth in output.
By the mid-2020s, degrowth became more present in conferences, policy-adjacent debates, and systems critiques of fashion. The issue was no longer only whether a brand used lower-impact fibres or resale, but whether the sector could remain within ecological limits while total fibre production kept setting records. Textile Exchange reported global fibre production at about 132 million tonnes in 2024, more than double 2000 levels, with business-as-usual projections rising further by 2030. That trend gave degrowth renewed relevance as an argument about absolute scale, not just efficiency.
In 2025, Stockholm Resilience Centre reported that seven of nine planetary boundaries had been exceeded, including ocean acidification for the first time. That widened the frame around fashion degrowth beyond climate alone: the issue became total pressure across land, water, chemistry, biodiversity, and materials extraction. Degrowth therefore moved from a fringe critique toward a systems-level lens for questioning fashion’s dependence on permanent expansion.
Culturally, degrowth is one of the most contested sustainability terms in fashion. To some audiences it signals responsibility, sufficiency, repair, and a rejection of disposable consumption. To others it sounds anti-business, anti-aspiration, or politically radical. That tension matters because fashion is not only an industrial system; it is also a cultural engine built on novelty, status, desire, and accelerated trend cycles.
In media and brand discourse, degrowth is often softened into adjacent language such as “slow fashion,” “fewer, better,” “mindful consumption,” or “quality over quantity.” This makes the concept easier to communicate but can also dilute its meaning. Degrowth is not simply an aesthetic preference for timeless clothing or a personal shopping philosophy; it is a structural challenge to a volume-led business model.
Regional differences also shape reception. In high-income markets, degrowth is often discussed as a response to overconsumption, waste, and fossil-fuel dependence. In manufacturing economies, the term can trigger legitimate concern because lower order volumes may threaten jobs, wages, and foreign exchange earnings if transition planning is absent. This is why degrowth in fashion cannot be treated as a purely environmental proposition. It is inseparable from labour justice, trade, development, and industrial policy.
- Clothing production approximately doubled over 15 years while clothing utilisation fell by almost 40%.
- The garment industry alone employs more than 90 million people globally, which is why degrowth debates cannot ignore labour transition.
- In 2025, seven of nine planetary boundaries were reported exceeded, giving degrowth arguments a broader ecological basis than climate alone.
The fashion industry makes too much. Degrowth says the solution is not just to make the same amount more efficiently, but to make less, on purpose, while finding new ways to create value through quality, longevity, repair, and service rather than volume.
2008–2015: Post-financial-crisis critiques of consumer capitalism, waste, and overconsumption gave degrowth broader visibility in public debate. In fashion, this period overlapped with the acceleration of fast fashion and early circularity conversations.
2016–2019: As climate science tightened and circular economy language spread, analysts increasingly noticed that efficiency gains were being offset by higher production volumes. Degrowth gained relevance as a critique of relative improvements without absolute reduction.
2020–2021: The pandemic briefly exposed how quickly fashion could slow down when demand collapsed. Excess inventory, cancelled orders, and supply chain fragility pushed overproduction into sharper view. At the same time, labour harms revealed how dependent millions of workers are on unstable volume models.
2022–2024: Degrowth became more visible in fashion systems writing, transparency campaigns, and conference agendas as industry emissions and fibre production continued to rise. The question shifted from whether the sector should optimise, to whether it must contract in physical terms.
2025–2026: Regulatory pressure around durability, waste, and disclosure increased in Europe, while conference agendas more openly discussed overproduction, circular business model limits, and whether producing less can ever become commercially credible. Degrowth is still not mainstream policy, but the surrounding system is moving closer to its core questions.
The Basic Idea
Efficiency-led sustainability fails when production keeps rising. Degrowth reduces total output so absolute resource use, waste, and emissions fall.
Why This Term Exists
The term exists because efficiency, preferred materials, and recycling cannot on their own counteract relentless growth in fashion volumes. As production rises, total emissions, waste, extraction, and unsold stock can still increase, even when per-unit impacts improve.
Sustainability Stack
Primary: Production & Supply Logic
Secondary: Labour, Power & Governance
Degrowth directly challenges fashion’s volume-driven production model while reshaping labour dependence and governance across supply chains.
By the Numbers
| 132 million tonnes | GLOBAL FIBRE OUTPUT | Global fibre production reached about 132 million tonnes in 2024. (Textile Exchange, 2025) |
| 90+ million | GARMENT JOBS | The garment industry alone supports more than 90 million jobs globally. (ILO, 2025) |
| 15–45 billion | UNSOLD OR WASTED ITEMS | WGSN estimates 15–45 billion clothing items go unsold or wasted yearly. (WGSN, 2025) |
| 7 of 9 | PLANETARY BOUNDARIES CROSSED | Seven planetary boundaries were reported exceeded in 2025. (Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2025) |
Sources for By the Numbers
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Textile Exchange. (2025). Materials market report 2025. https://textileexchange.org/knowledge-center/reports/materials-market-report-2025/
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International Labour Organization. (2025). Advancing decent work in supply chains: Decent work challenges and opportunities in the textiles and clothing sector. https://www.ilo.org
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WGSN. (2025). Could fashion forecasting technology help fashion’s overproduction problem. https://www.wgsn.com
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Stockholm Resilience Centre. (2025, September 24). Seven of nine planetary boundaries now breached. https://www.stockholmresilience.org
The Honest Tension
Degrowth is the least commercially comfortable strategy in a system built on volume. The brands most capable of reducing output often have the least incentive to do so, while the workers and supplier economies most exposed to production cuts are often the least protected.
What It Does Not Automatically Solve
Degrowth does not automatically deliver justice, living wages, or fair transitions. Producing less without redistribution, labour protection, and industrial planning can simply transfer pain from ecosystems to workers and supplier economies.
Where This Shows Up in a Fashion Business
Product Creation: It changes the brief from more seasonal output to fewer, better-justified products with longer relevance.
Design: It favours durability, repeatability, repairability, modularity, and seasonless development over constant novelty.
Marketing: It challenges demand stimulation tactics, urgency messaging, and overuse of drops, discounts, and artificial trend acceleration.
Sales: It questions growth targets based purely on unit expansion and pushes focus toward margin quality, utilisation, and service revenue.
Supply Chain: It affects forecasting, order volumes, supplier commitments, lead times, and factory dependence on unstable demand spikes.
Finance: It requires new performance logic beyond top-line volume growth, including productivity, inventory discipline, and lower waste exposure.
Operations & Reporting: It raises pressure to measure total production volume, unsold stock, inventory destruction, and absolute impact, not only intensity metrics.
Recruitment & People: It changes incentive structures, requiring teams rewarded for restraint, longevity, and risk reduction rather than perpetual output growth.
Who This Matters To
Designers: Because design choices often either reinforce or resist planned obsolescence.
Sustainability Managers: Because decarbonisation claims lose credibility if output keeps climbing.
Manufacturers and Suppliers: Because degrowth affects order stability, capacity planning, and employment risk.
Executives: Because it questions the core revenue assumptions of the business model.
Regulators: Because overproduction sits behind waste, green claims, durability, and disclosure problems.
Consumers: Because the term reframes sustainability from “buy better” to “buy less and use longer.”
NGOs and Activists: Because degrowth offers language for structural critique beyond material substitution.
Journalists and Media: Because it helps test whether sustainability claims address scale or only optics.
Service Businesses: Because repair, resale, remanufacture, rental, and care models become more relevant when value is decoupled from new-unit growth.
How This Term Is Commonly Used Today
Today, degrowth is used in three main ways: as an academic critique of growth-dependent capitalism; as a fashion systems argument against overproduction; and as a softer commercial shorthand for “fewer, better products.” In practice, many businesses reference degrowth-adjacent ideas without using the word, preferring language such as sufficiency, durability, quality, or demand-led production.
Common Misunderstandings
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Degrowth means economic collapse.
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Degrowth means every brand must shrink in the same way.
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Degrowth is the same as circularity.
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Degrowth only concerns consumers shopping less.
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Degrowth is anti-innovation.
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Degrowth automatically guarantees justice for workers.
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Degrowth can be delivered through resale while keeping primary production rising.
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Degrowth is a branding mood rather than a material reduction in throughput.
What Makes This Hard
Public companies are rewarded for growth, suppliers depend on orders, consumers are trained to expect novelty, and most policy still regulates product attributes more easily than total production volume.
Questions to Think About
What part of our revenue depends on making and selling more units each year?
Are our impact reductions absolute, or only per unit?
How much unsold stock is built into our commercial planning model?
Which workers and suppliers would bear the cost of reduced volume?
What non-volume revenue streams could credibly replace unit growth?
Are our teams incentivised to prevent overproduction or simply to move inventory faster?
Where do resale, repair, and rental reduce new production, and where do they merely coexist with it?
What Success Would Look Like
Success would mean lower total production volume or lower total virgin material throughput, less unsold stock, longer garment use, stronger gross margin without constant markdown dependency, more revenue from care and circular services, and transition plans that protect workers and suppliers rather than abandoning them.
Regulatory Status — 2026
| Regulation | Status | Relevance to Degrowth |
|---|---|---|
| ESPR / Digital Product Passport (EU) | Enforced | Creates a framework for durability, repairability, information, and anti-waste measures, but does not mandate degrowth or cap production volume. |
| Waste Framework Directive revision (EU, textiles) | Enforced | Tightens textile waste handling and EPR-related obligations, addressing waste symptoms rather than requiring output reduction. |
| CSRD (EU) | Enforced | Requires sustainability reporting for in-scope companies, improving visibility on impacts and risks, but not mandating reduced production scale; broader rollout has been delayed for some companies. |
| EU Green Claims Directive | Not enforced | Proposal remains pending and politically unstable; it targets misleading claims, not overproduction itself. |
| FTC Green Guides (USA) | Not enforced | Guidance only; useful against misleading environmental marketing, but does not require production reduction. |
What Good Practice Looks Like
Good practice links lower throughput to commercial planning, supplier support, and labour safeguards. It discloses production and inventory data, designs for longevity, reduces needless assortment complexity, treats repair and resale as displacement tools rather than add-ons, and aligns incentives so teams are not punished for making less.
Common Misappropriations
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Using “fewer, better” language while total units continue rising.
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Promoting resale or rental while maintaining aggressive new-product growth.
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Framing markdown efficiency as degrowth.
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Calling seasonal assortment edits degrowth without any absolute reduction.
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Using the term morally while offering no worker transition plan.
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Turning degrowth into a consumer guilt message while leaving business structure untouched.
Enforcement Cases or Precedents
There are no major fashion-specific legal enforcement regimes that directly police “degrowth” as a claim. Current enforcement risk tends to arise indirectly through misleading environmental marketing, waste handling, disclosure failures, or product compliance rather than through the term itself.
What It Addresses
Overproduction, material throughput, excess inventory, waste generation, climate overshoot, resource extraction pressure, and the structural dependence of fashion profitability on selling ever more units.
Methodology Note
Degrowth is not a single standardised fashion metric. In practice it is assessed through absolute indicators: units produced, tonnes of fibre used, virgin versus recycled input share, unsold inventory, markdown dependency, product lifespan, repair uptake, and total scope 1–3 emissions. It often interacts with LCA, climate accounting, inventory analytics, and disclosure systems rather than replacing them.
Science in Plain Terms
The science is simple: if total production keeps rising, total resource use and pollution can rise too, even when each item becomes slightly better.
Material or Process Examples
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Smaller, repeatable core collections
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Made-to-order or near-demand manufacturing
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Repair programmes designed to keep garments in use longer
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Durable construction that reduces replacement frequency
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Fewer fibre blends to support longevity and end-of-life handling
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Inventory systems that reduce speculative overbuying
Data Quality Note
Data quality is weak because most brands still disclose too little about annual production volume, unsold inventory, destruction, and actual product use. Even where climate and material data improve, company-level transparency on scale remains inconsistent, making degrowth assessment harder than product-level storytelling.
Business Model Implications
Adopting degrowth seriously means reducing dependence on constant unit growth. That often requires higher margins per item, better inventory discipline, slower but stronger sell-through, service revenue, better forecasting, and new investor narratives around resilience rather than expansion.
Scalability Assessment
Moderate to low under current market rules. Degrowth is conceptually scalable as a systems principle, but commercially difficult in a sector still optimised for throughput, low prices, and shareholder expectations of growth. It is more feasible for smaller or premium operators than for volume-led businesses unless policy and finance rules change.
Supply Chain Touchpoints
Fibre: Reduces virgin demand and pressures sourcing teams to justify total input volumes.
Yarn: Encourages stable, lower-variance ordering rather than trend-driven spikes.
Fabric: Favours durable, versatile fabrics over novelty-led excess development.
Cut & Sew: Lowers overbooking pressure and can improve planning if reductions are deliberate.
Finishing: Reduces total chemical, water, and energy demand by lowering processed volume overall.
Logistics: Cuts transport load when fewer products are moved and fewer returns are generated.
Retail: Challenges over-assortment, markdown culture, and floor-space logic tied to constant refresh.
End of Life: Reduces the total waste burden entering resale, recycling, export, landfill, and incineration systems.
Economic Barriers
The main barriers are revenue dependence on volume, investor expectations, price-sensitive consumers, sunk costs in high-throughput supply chains, procurement systems that reward scale, and the lack of policy mechanisms that make overproduction financially unattractive.
Systems Interaction
Degrowth intersects with circularity because volume reduction is the intervention efficiency and recycling alone cannot deliver. It intersects with labour and governance because reducing production affects employment, bargaining power, and sourcing relationships. It intersects with climate and energy because absolute production reduction lowers total emissions independently of per-unit improvements. It intersects with planetary boundaries because overproduction drives simultaneous pressure across land, water, chemistry, biodiversity, and climate.
Case Contexts
Degrowth discussions currently appear most in sustainability strategy, transparency work, circularity critique, climate transition planning, independent design-led business models, and policy-adjacent industry forums focused on overproduction and system redesign.
Power Dynamics
Degrowth exposes who currently benefits from high volume and who absorbs the harm. Brands capture value from scale while environmental costs, inventory risk, and labour precarity are often displaced onto suppliers, workers, waste handlers, and importing communities in the Global South.
Labour Context
Lower production without labour planning can reduce working hours, wages, and employment in manufacturing regions. At the same time, existing growth models already create instability through volatile ordering, cancellations, and price pressure. Labour outcomes therefore depend on whether degrowth is managed through just-transition planning or imposed through market shock.
Social Justice Dimension
Degrowth has a justice claim only if it redistributes value, protects livelihoods, and reduces Northern overconsumption without pushing transition costs onto lower-income producers and workers. Otherwise it risks becoming an ecological argument that ignores development realities.
Consumer and Cultural Perception
Consumers often understand the logic of “buy less, wear longer” more easily than the word degrowth itself. The term can sound abstract, political, or anti-aspiration, especially in markets where fashion identity is tied to novelty and affordability.
Activism and Advocacy
Activists, transparency groups, climate advocates, and some academic researchers have helped move overproduction into public debate. Their role has been to show that better fibres and better claims are insufficient if total volume keeps climbing.
Current State of Development
Maturity level: emerging. Degrowth is increasingly visible in fashion discourse, conference agendas, and sustainability critique, but it is not mainstream operational practice. Adjacent ideas such as durability, repair, and demand-led production are advancing faster than explicit commitment to absolute scale reduction.
Fashion-Specific Applications
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Fewer annual collections
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Lower SKU count
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Tighter buys and replenishment
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Repair and aftercare services
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Recommerce designed to replace, not merely supplement, new sales
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Longer product development cycles
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Durable and repeatable product architecture
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Disclosure of annual production and unsold stock
Risk and Unintended Consequences
Risks include supplier hardship, layoffs, lower export income in manufacturing economies, green austerity narratives, consumer backlash, and brand co-option where degrowth language masks very ordinary cost-cutting.
Regulatory Horizon
Current regulation is moving around degrowth rather than fully into it. Europe is advancing durability, product information, waste, and anti-greenwashing tools, while disclosure requirements increase visibility into impacts. But direct regulation of overproduction or mandatory output reduction remains limited.
Questions the Industry Hasn’t Answered Yet
How can high-volume brands reduce output without offloading costs onto workers?
What mix of taxation, disclosure, EPR, and procurement reform would actually discourage overproduction?
How should investors value a fashion business that grows less but wastes less?
What is the fairest path for supplier economies currently dependent on export-led apparel growth?
How do resale and repair get counted when testing whether new production is genuinely displaced?
Key Institutions
ILO: Labour implications and just-transition concerns.
Textile Exchange: Material throughput and fibre market data.
Stockholm Resilience Centre: Planetary boundaries framing.
European Commission / EU institutions: Product, waste, and reporting regulation.
FTC: Environmental marketing guidance in the US.
Fashion Revolution: Transparency, overproduction, and systems critique.
Knowledge Gaps
Research remains weak on profitable post-growth fashion models at scale, worker-protective transition pathways, reliable production-volume disclosure, and the real displacement effect of circular business models on new production.
How to Evaluate Quality
Prefer sources that distinguish absolute from intensity reductions, disclose methodology, avoid brand self-reporting without verification, and make production volume visible. Treat claims about “impact reduction” cautiously when total output data is missing.
Ecological Systems Note
Degrowth connects to broader ecological systems because fashion’s overproduction intensifies extraction, land use change, water stress, chemical burden, waste leakage, and climate pressure simultaneously rather than in isolated categories.
Research and Reports
- Fitzpatrick, N., Parrique, T., Cosme, I., & Hoffmann, M. (2022). Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764
- Hickel, J. (2021). The anti-colonial politics of degrowth. Political Geography, 88, 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102404
- Kallis, G., Demaria, F., & D’Alisa, G. (2015). Degrowth. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
- Kramer, L., et al. (2024). Framing the limits to growth: Narratives in the sustainable fashion industry. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 52, 100885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2024.100885
- International Labour Organization. (2025). Advancing decent work in supply chains: Decent work challenges and opportunities in the textiles and clothing sector. International Labour Organization.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre. (2025, September 24). Seven of nine planetary boundaries now breached. Stockholm University.
- Textile Exchange. (2025). Materials market report 2025. Textile Exchange.
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2019). Fashion and the circular economy: Deep dive. Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
Related Terms
Overproduction: Degrowth is largely a response to fashion’s structural overproduction problem.
Sufficiency: Sufficiency focuses on meeting needs with less throughput and sits close to degrowth in practice.
Circular economy: Circularity can support degrowth, but it is not the same thing and can be used without reducing volume.
Books
- Hickel, J. (2020). Less is more: How degrowth will save the world. William Heinemann.
- Kallis, G., Demaria, F., & D’Alisa, G. (2015). Degrowth. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopaedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 362–368). Elsevier.
- Kallis, G., Paulson, S., D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F., Schmelzer, M., & Kostakis, V. (2020). The case for degrowth. Polity.
References
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2019). Fashion and the circular economy: Deep dive. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/fashion-and-the-circular-economy-deep-dive
- European Commission. (2024, July 19). Sustainable products to be norm for consumers with new regulation. https://environment.ec.europa.eu
- European Commission. (2025). Implementing the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation. https://green-forum.ec.europa.eu/implementing-ecodesign-sustainable-products-regulation_en
- European Commission. (2025). Waste framework directive. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/waste-framework-directive_en
- European Commission. (2025). Corporate sustainability reporting. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en
- Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.). Green guides. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/topics/truth-advertising/green-guides
- Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.). Rules and guides currently under review. https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rulemaking/retrospective-review-ftc-rules-guides/rules-guides-currently-under-review
- Fashion Revolution. (2021). COP26 and fashion: What happens next? https://www.fashionrevolution.org
- Fashion Revolution. (2025). What fuels fashion? https://www.fashionrevolution.org/transparency/
- Fitzpatrick, N., Parrique, T., Cosme, I., & Hoffmann, M. (2022). Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 365, 132764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132764
- Hickel, J. (2021). The anti-colonial politics of degrowth. Political Geography, 88, 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102404
- International Labour Organization. (2025). Advancing decent work in supply chains: Decent work challenges and opportunities in the textiles and clothing sector. International Labour Organization.
- Kallis, G., Demaria, F., & D’Alisa, G. (2015). Degrowth. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
- Kramer, L., et al. (2024). Framing the limits to growth: Narratives in the sustainable fashion industry. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 52, 100885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2024.100885
- Stockholm Resilience Centre. (2025, September 24). Seven of nine planetary boundaries now breached. https://www.stockholmresilience.org
- Textile Exchange. (2025). Materials market report 2025. Textile Exchange.
- WGSN. (2025). Could fashion forecasting technology help fashion’s overproduction problem. https://www.wgsn.com
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